パーティション情報の削除とちょっとしたベンチマーク。
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdz bs=512 count=1 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0.00312751 s, 164 kB/s # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdz bs=100M count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 81.2974 s, 12.9 MB/s
partedでgptパーティションを作成し、作成したパーティションを確認
# parted /dev/sdz GNU Parted 2.3 Using /dev/sdz Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) mklabel gpt (parted) unit s (parted) mkpart primary ext3 2048s -1s Warning: You requested a partition from 2048s to 5860533167s. The closest location we can manage is 2048s to 5860533134s. Is this still acceptable to you? Yes/No? Yes (parted) align-check optimal 1 1 aligned (parted) print Model: ATA WDC WD30EZRX-00D (scsi) Disk /dev/sdz: 5860533168s Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B Partition Table: gpt Number Start End Size File system Name Flags 1 2048s 5860533134s 5860531087s primary (parted) quit Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
このHDDは物理セクタのサイズが4096バイトで、論理セクタのサイズが512バイト。4096バイトの物理セクタをソフトウェアによって512バイトの論理セクタに変換して読み書きが行われている。このようなAFT(512e)対応ディスクのパフォーマンスを発揮させるには、パーティションの開始位置を4096バイト(8論理セクタ、1物理セクタ)の倍数にしておく。2048 論理セクタにしてあるのは、windowsのパーティションツールにあわせて。
旧来のfdiskでも確認は可能。gptパーティションの作成はできない。
# fdisk -l /dev/sdz WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdz'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdz: 3000.6 GB, 3000592982016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 364801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdz1 1 267350 2147483647+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
mkfsでext3ファイルシステムを作成。timeで時間測定すると、3TBでも17分程度。
# time mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdz1
mke2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
183148544 inodes, 732566385 blocks
36628319 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=0
22357 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848, 512000000, 550731776, 644972544
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:
done
real 17m19.657s
user 0m27.718s
sys 7m41.249s
mkfsコマンドに-cオプションを2回渡すと破壊的読み書きテストを行うことができる。破壊的読み書きテストを行うと飛躍的に時間が延びる。約4.5日間程度。
# time mkfs -t ext3 -c -c /dev/sdz1
mke2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
183148544 inodes, 732566385 blocks
36628319 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=0
22357 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968,
102400000, 214990848, 512000000, 550731776, 644972544
Testing with pattern 0xaa: done
Reading and comparing: done
Testing with pattern 0x55: done
Reading and comparing: done
Testing with pattern 0xff: done
Reading and comparing: done
Testing with pattern 0x00: done
Reading and comparing: done
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
real 6309m18.468s
user 507m23.319s
sys 609m4.104s
ブロックサイズなどを見るには以下 tune2fs も dumpe2fs も使えるけど、dumpe2fs の方が情報が多い。ブロックサイズは物理セクタサイズと同じバイト数にするといいんじゃないかな? (パフォーマンス的な意味で)
# tune2fs -l /dev/sdz1 # dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdz1 # diff <(dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdz1) <(tune2fs -l /dev/sdz1) dumpe2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) 0a1 > tune2fs 1.42.12 (29-Aug-2014) 45,50d45 < Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke < Journal size: 128M < Journal length: 32768 < Journal sequence: 0x00475a9b < Journal start: 16652 <
hddの状態によって、ファイルシステムの作成時間の比較に影響を与えると思われるので、最後にhdparmで状況確認。
# hdparm -i /dev/sdz
/dev/sdz:
Model=WDC WD30EZRX-00DC0B0, FwRev=80.00A80, SerialNo=***************
Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec SpinMotCtl Fixed DTR>5Mbs FmtGapReq }
RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=0
BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=unknown, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=16
CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=5860533168
IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
PIO modes: pio0 pio3 pio4
DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 *udma5 udma6
AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
Drive conforms to: Unspecified: ATA/ATAPI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7
* signifies the current active mode
# hdparm -Tt /dev/sd?
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 328 MB in 2.01 seconds = 163.15 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 264 MB in 3.01 seconds = 87.70 MB/sec
/dev/sdb:
Timing cached reads: 326 MB in 2.01 seconds = 162.29 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 258 MB in 3.00 seconds = 85.97 MB/sec
/dev/sdc:
Timing cached reads: 326 MB in 2.00 seconds = 162.91 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 240 MB in 3.02 seconds = 79.46 MB/sec
/dev/sdd:
Timing cached reads: 328 MB in 2.00 seconds = 163.72 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 234 MB in 3.02 seconds = 77.49 MB/sec
/dev/sde:
Timing cached reads: 214 MB in 2.01 seconds = 106.62 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 6 MB in 5.61 seconds = 1.07 MB/sec
/dev/sdf:
Timing cached reads: 326 MB in 2.00 seconds = 162.98 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 234 MB in 3.02 seconds = 77.57 MB/sec
/dev/sdg:
Timing cached reads: 306 MB in 2.00 seconds = 152.71 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 46 MB in 3.01 seconds = 15.30 MB/sec
# hdparm -Tt /dev/sd?
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 322 MB in 2.01 seconds = 160.28 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 232 MB in 3.02 seconds = 76.85 MB/sec
/dev/sdb:
Timing cached reads: 306 MB in 2.00 seconds = 152.94 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 240 MB in 3.00 seconds = 79.91 MB/sec
/dev/sdc:
Timing cached reads: 308 MB in 2.01 seconds = 153.12 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 232 MB in 3.02 seconds = 76.90 MB/sec
/dev/sdd:
Timing cached reads: 318 MB in 2.00 seconds = 158.83 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 264 MB in 3.02 seconds = 87.48 MB/sec
/dev/sde:
Timing cached reads: 318 MB in 2.00 seconds = 158.69 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 264 MB in 3.01 seconds = 87.82 MB/sec
/dev/sdf:
Timing cached reads: 324 MB in 2.01 seconds = 161.48 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 5.10 seconds = 12.55 MB/sec
/dev/sdg:
Timing cached reads: 300 MB in 2.01 seconds = 149.57 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 48 MB in 3.12 seconds = 15.36 MB/sec
/etc/fstabに適当なエントリを追加。書き込みできるユーザ向けにオーナーを変更。
# cat <<EOT >> /etc/fstab UUID=XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX /path/to/mount/point ext3 defaults 0 1 EOT # mount /path/to/mount/point # chown ******:****** /path/to/mount/point
$ df -aT /path/to/mount/point Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on ********* ext3 2884284060 205940 2737564844 1% /path/to/mount/point